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We look deeper into how the body chooses to use carbohydrates and fats, and specifically when and how carbohydrates inhibit fat oxidation. This serves as a jumping off point to take a critical look at VLamax and how it may, or may not, affect your FTP.
Show Notes Study on increased gene expression following endurance exercise https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19705999/ 
Acetyl buffering via carnitine frees CoA for continued pyruvate shuttling into the Krebs cycle.
Malonyl-CoA inhibition of CPT1.
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What does it really mean to burn something aerobically? This episode concludes the first phase of this series by looking at both the Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain, and putting them in perspective. In what way is burning fats or carbs aerobic, and how aerobically different are they from each other?
Show Notes 
The Krebs cycle
The electron transport chain and abbreviated Krebs cycle together
This episode starts by looking at the chemical mechanisms of glycolysis, the stepwise dismantling of glucose for energy, and finishes with some big picture learnings about this deceptively simple pathway.
Show Notes 
Glycolysis with straight chain sugars in Fischer projection
Glycolysis with NADH/NAD+ cycle
Free energy change of glycolysis. Note reactions 6 and 7 are coupled. Via https://slideplayer.com/slide/8083993/
Energy levels of glycolytic intermediates, via http://www.columbia.edu/cu/biology/courses/c2005/lectures/lec9_10.html
This episode takes a wide angle view of the chain of events between starting exercise and successfully burning fat, and where the main bottlenecks are in that process. Nuances discussed are the differences between adipose tissue and intramuscular fats, energy demand rates, diet, and potential training strategies to improve fat utilization at most exercise intensities.
Show Notes https://www.proteinatlas.org/ https://www.brenda-enzymes.org/ Effect of physical training on the capacity to secrete epinephrine https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3281927/ Regulation of endogenous fat and carbohydrate metabolism in relation to exercise intensity and duration https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8214047/ Fat metabolism during low-intensity exercise in endurance-trained and untrained men https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7810637/ Beta-blockade and lipolysis during endurance exercise https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8223828/ The different relationship of VO2max to muscle mitochondria in humans and quadrupedal animals https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2218095/ 
Lipolysis reaction
This episode begins a series on metabolism with the process of oxidizing fatty acids for energy, and why the process is anaerobic. We also discuss fats vs lipids, different types of fatty acids, and take a deep dive into the periodic table to explain why oxygen loves electrons so much.
Show Notes 
This episode explores how and why hemoglobin's function emerges from its structure, which makes it a critical component in the oxygen distribution chain. We also discuss the lungs, why VO2max isn't related to hematocrit, and vascular capacity for blood storage before diving into a classic phlebotomy study that ends with a question mark that hints at the central importance of the heart.
Show Notes Blood value correlations with vo2max, Figure 1 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30549016/ Effects of detraining on cardiovascular responses to exercise: role of blood volume https://journals.physiology.org/doi/pdf/10.1152/jappl.1986.60.1.95 
Hemoglobin dissociation curve with right (Bohr) and left (Haldane) shifts.
Myoglobin vs hemoglobin O2 binding curves with approximate arterial and venous O2 pressures. Image courtesy of Robert Prince.
Lactate remains a misunderstood molecule, and popular experts still don't have a full understanding of where it comes from or why. In this episode, Kolie explains the basic biochemical context of lactate, where it really comes from, and why we make it at rest and during exercise. You will come away from this episode with a good understanding of how enzymes catalyze reactions, the importance of always making lactate, and the kinds of things that cause demand on glycolysis.
Podcast Notes Metabolic pathway map http://biochemical-pathways.com/#/map/1 BRENDA database entry for human LDH https://www.brenda-enzymes.org/enzyme.php?ecno=1.1.1.27&Suchword=&reference=&UniProtAcc=&organism%5B%5D=Homo+sapiens 
Michaelis-Menten enzyme kinetics (first order). Km is the substrate concentration at 50% maximum enzyme velocity. LDH displays lower Km for pyruvate than lactate, therefore greater specificity.
Lactate dehydrogenase reaction and reverse reaction.
Delving into the biochemical depths of all life, Kolie discusses chemical equilibrium, or disequilibrium, and how ATP's high energy phosphate bonds aren't really what give it the energetic potential it's known for.
Show Notes Nature, ATP definition Bioenergetics 4 |
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